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The EU blending targets have set an example for other countries. What are these policies and what is the effect of these policies; on emissions, on land use changes? What  policies and bills have "developing countries"' designed to regulate or stimulate biofuel production on their territories? And what are guidelines for good policies? Documents that pay special attention to this find a home in this section.

A good starter may be Amezaga et al (2010) who draw a framework for policy by giving guidelines how to assess impacts on water, GHG, biodiversity of biofuels projects. Interesting to read is the FOE 2009 study of the emission effects of the UK "'explanatory note"" a legal instrument which has stimulated biofuel use.  They calculate for the emissions due to indirect land use changes (iLUC) caused by biofuel production to reach blending targets.   In their press release: ""Biofuels could have doubled  the carbon dioxide emissions of the fossil fuels they replace – equivalent to putting half a million extra cars on the road – since a new law adding them to UK fuel came in a year ago, new research published by Friends of the Earth shows today" (Wednesday 15 April 2009). Find the research, the spreadsheet and the press release by FOE below.

NOTE: see ALSO SPECIAL SECTION ON ILUC 2010

Bioenergía y Políticas de Desarrollo

Introducción  

Las metas de la UE en cuanto a la mezcla de biocombustibles han servido como ejemplo para otros países. Cuáles son estas políticas y qué efecto tienen en cuanto a emisiones y a cambios en el uso de tierra? Qué políticas y proyectos de ley han diseñado los "países en vías de desarrollo" para regular o estimular la producción de biocombustibles en sus territorios? Y cuáles son las directrices para desarrollar políticas adecuadas? En esta sección puede encontrar documentos que prestan atención especial a estos asuntos. Es importante leer el estudio que hace FOE 2009 sobre los efectos que tuvo la emisión de la "nota explanatoria" del Reino Unido, un instrumento legal que ha estimulado el uso de biocombustibles. Ellos calculan que tuvo efectos sobre las emisiones ocasionadas por cambios indirectos en el uso de la tierra (ILUC por sus siglas en Inglés) al producir biocombustibles para alcanzar las metas de mezcla establecidas. Su comunicado de prensa establece que: "Un nuevo estudio publicado hoy por Amigos de la Tierra muestra que los biocombustibles pueden haber doblado las emisiones de dióxido de carbono que ocasionan los combustibles fósiles a los cuales reemplazan - equivalente a poner medio millón mas de automóbiles en las calles - desde que una nueva ley surgida hace un año en el Reino Unido los agregó" (Miércoles 15 de Abril de 2009).

Encuentre el estudio, la hoja de datos y el comunicado de prensa de FOE a continuación. 

Biofuel policies, general

Amezaga et al (2010) Assessing sustainability of bioenergy projects in dev countries.pdf

Groom et al (2008) Biofuels and biodiversity, principles for better policies.pdf 

IGES (2009) Future of biofuels in future climate regime.pdf

FAO (2008) Biofuels - Prospects, Risks and Opportunities.pdf

Franco et al (2010) Assumptions in EU biofuels policy, cases Germany Brazil and Mozambique.pdf

SCOPE (2009) Biofuels - Economic and Public Policy Considerations.pdf

Thornley and Cooper (2008) The effectiveness of policy instruments in promoting bioenergy.pdf

UNDP, World Bank (2005) Bioenergy guidline for Policy Makers & Investors.pdf

UNDP (2009) Bio-carbon in Africa - harnessing carbon finance for forestry and bio-energy.pdf

WBGU (2008) Future bioenergy and sustainable land use, a summary for policy makers.pdf

White and Dasgupta (2010) Agrofuels capitalism, in Journ of Peasant Studies.pdf

EU/ US policies and their effects

CE (2010) Legal Briefing ILUC Mandate of EU.pdf

CEC (2008) proposal for a Directive on promotion energy from renewable sources.pdf

ICTSD (2009) EU support for Bioenergy, (criteria and trade policy).pdf

EU JRC, IPTS (2010) Impacts EU biofuel target on agr markets and land use.pdf

FOE, Scott Wilson  (2009) Spreadsheet Biofuels emissions research (irt UK policy).xls 

FOE, Scott Wilson( 2009) Developing a spreadsheet model. Biofuels research explanatory note.pdf

FOE (2009 press) Press release April 15 about biofuels spreadsheet irt UK law.doc 

REFUEL (2008) European Road Map for Biofuels.pdf

TE, Birdlife et al (2010) EU Joint Submission on ILUC.pdf

Von_Witske (2010) EU agri prod and trade, efficiency and land grabbing.pdf

Developing country policies NOTE: look also in regional files under Livelihoods, landscapes and biodiversity section

IIED (2009) Biofuels Africa growing small scale opportunities.pdf

IIED (2009) Biofuels land access & rural livelihoods Tanzania.pdf

Infante (2007) Roadmap biofuels Philippines.pdf

FIAN (2009) Red sugar green deserts.pdf

Jull et al (2007) Law & Policies of Bioenergy Production - Producers Countries.pdf

Mancano Fernandes et al (2010) Agrofuel policies in Brazil, disputes, In Journ of Peasant Studies.pdf

Malaysian Govt (2006) Malaysian Biofuels Industry Bill.pdf 

Monrie (2007) (2008) Ethanol production San Carlos, Negros, Philippines.pdf

SCOPE (2009) Biofuels in Developing Countries.pdf

PNOC-AFC (2006) Jatropha Roadmap, Phillippines government.pdf 

EU renewable energy policy:

In December 2008, EU leaders reached agreement on a new Renewable Energy Directive, which requires each member state to satisfy 10% of its transport fuel needs from renewable sources, including biofuels, hydrogen and green electricity, by 2020.  The directive also established sustainability criteria for biofuels. It obliges the bloc to ensure that biofuels offer at least 35% carbon emission savings compared to fossil fuels. The figure rises to 50% as of 2017 and 60% as of 2018. http://www.euractiv.com/en/energy/eu-renewable-energy-policy/article-117536