(Versión en Castellano mas abajo)
Introduction |
Will there be sufficient space for biomass-for-energy production that doesn't compete with the world food supply nor with the conservation of nature and biodiversity? There is no consensus on this. Not surprisingly, stakeholders who mainly see advantages in bioenergy show much interest to improve efficiency in the use of current feedstocks and to broaden the possibilities for feedstock supply. Because of relatively high processing costs of current techniques and, especially, concerns about availability, the bioenergy applauders are on the outlook for new possibilities. Here, we briefly introduce you to both issues but do not fully cover the debates and developments. The International Energy Agency provides an overview of considerations concerning both potential and technologies for what they see as 'good practice' in bioenergy production (IEA, 2007).
Biomass potential for bioenergy
There is much academic debate about the question how much space will be available in future (2050) for the production of biomass for energy. Since a major input for bioenergy production is land, competition with food production is an important aspect determining the global bioenergy potential. Much depends on models that try to calculate energy consumption, integrating estimates of world population, trends in energy use and developments in energy technologies. And also on models that try to calculate the land needed for agriculture, again integrating estimates for the world population and agricultural productivity. Assumptions have to be made for e.g. changing food consumption, efficiency of food production and therefore changes in the area of land needed for food production. Estimates greatly vary and so does the input for these models (Berndes et al, 2003 and OECD, 2007). Estimated potentials of bioenergy can be theoretical, technical, or economic. The theoretical potential refers to the amount of biomatter that could grow annually and is determined primarily by natural conditions. The technical potential depends on the available technologies and therefore changes as technology progresses. The economic potential is the most variable because economic conditions vary, sometimes drastically, over time. Furthermore, for the global energy supply scenario, outcomes depend for example on whether estimations include only land-related bioenergy or also the bioenergy potential of e.g the oceans (IIASA, 2001). With more reseach done and new insights and experience available, assumptions and estimates not only vary between models but also change over time: some show an optimistic upward update of estimates while others grow more pessimistic. In the bioenergy potential section you will find studies whose outcomes have been influential in the debates so far as well as forecasts for specific regions and purposes.
For a country and regional studies into potentials, among other estimations on land availability, check out SNV's work in Peru SNV-IIAP 2008, the critical assessment of available land (compared to FAO estimates) in Tanzania by Haugen 2010.
Technological developments: 1st and 2nd/3rd generationThe processing technologies for bioenergy depend on the kind of feedstock and the type of bioenergy derived from it. Given the several types of bioenergy and the large array of potential feedstocks, there are many technological processes and pathways that are used for bioenergy production. The United Nations Foundation provides a clear and complete overview in chapter 5 of their report on sustainable bioenergy in West Africa (UNF, 2008). New technologies are continually being developed and novel processes are likely to emerge in the future.
A common distinction is that between first generation biofuels on the one hand and second and third generation biofuels on the other. First generation biofuels are those feedstocks, containing starch or oil, that can be used as energy source with relatively simple and well-known processing techniques. Their starch or oil characteristics as well as industrial processing are known since the crops are already being used for other purposes, mainly for food or other consumer products and feed. Examples of feedstock are rapeseed, oil palm, soy, corn, weat and sugercane. Second generation biofuels are produced with advanced techniques that can process the non-edible parts of biomass, such as the woody parts of plants, to extract oil or ethanol from them. Often, their yield in terms of reduced CO2 emission is higher than for first generation biofuels, or so it is claimed. Their feedstock may consist of waste from e.g. the food industry. But it may also consist of high energy yielding plants grown for that purpose such as switch grass or willow. Or of food crops such as weat, of which the whole plant is used for the production of ethanol instead of just the grain in the case of first generation ethanol. Through the land needed for biomass production and the use of foodcrops for feedstock, there is a potential compettion with food production, though in a more efficient manner. It is partly because of this potential competition with food production that sustainability and desirability of second generation biofuels is subject of much debate (like the first generation). Third generation biofuels are not only processed but also grown with advanced techniques. They may be promising but they, too, have their disadvantages or uncertainties yet to overcome. The International Assessment of Agricultural Knowledge, Science and Technology for Development nicely describe the differences, pro's and con's in their executive summary (IAASTD, 2008).
All generations biofuels are so called 'modern biomass energy technologies', as opposed to traditional uses of biomass for energy such as fuelwood, crop residues and animal dung for cooking fires (Karekezi et al, 2004). Technological developments leading to higher efficiency in these traditional uses are called 'improved biomass energy technologies'. Though very relevant for the debate on improved energy supply for the poor, especially in rural areas, they, neither, are included under first, second or third generation biofuels and in debates concerning them. Some of the currently developed improved techniques would rather fit our category Sustainable energy alternatives.
The bioenergywiki related to the Roundtable for Sustainable Biofuels (see the Links below) is a good starting point for an overview of the technologies, and the feedstocks, used for first, second and third generation biofuels.
Bioenergy technology and GMOsSecond and third generation bio-ethanol is produced with the help of enzymes that enable the woody parts of plants - difficult to convert with natural processes - to participate in the conversion process. Some projects now experiment on a small scale to grow plants that already carry such enzymes, with help of genetic engineering. Second and third generation bioenergy technology doesn't necessarily involve genetic modification, however. Among the many experiments and developments in technology for bioenergy it is often difficult to judge whether it involves genetic modification or not. Sometimes no explicit mention is made of the exact modification. See for example the article on an adapted corn variety for ethanol developed by Michigan State University (Biopact, 2007). The sustainability and desirability of genetic modification is subject of debate in itself for its potential effects on biosafety and livelihoods. Suspected (potential) harm to biodiversity as well as possible socio-economic draw-backs related to e.g. the use of patented plant varieties make GMOs controversial. See for example IUCN, 2004. This issue is therefore of high concern for the further development of criteria and standards for sustainable bioenergy. Under the section standard setting and its progress/global we included some more material.
Potencial de Bionergías y Desarrollo Tecnológico
Introducción
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Documents |
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Links to other web-based info sources: |
Biotechnology in Food and Agriculture - FAO portal with documents and an electronic discussion forum
Biopact - website of a private group where articles on latest initiatives and developments in novel biofuels technologies are posted
EurActiv - the media portal on EU affairs, provides an overview of developments and policies
Greenpowerconferences/biofuelsmarkets - upcoming conferences on biofuels + documentation
http://www.biofuelreview.com/- latest news for biofuel industry
http://www.cober.org.pe/presentaciones.htm - extensive presentations and discussions potentials renewable energy Peru (see also SNV studies) |